Current

(aka: Early-Second Millennium CE)

• Dense, continuous written records globally across Eurasia

• Mature agrarian states and empires

• Integrated Long-distance trade: Indian Ocean, Silk Roads)

• Cities, universities, and religious institutions expand

Indian Plate (sutured):

• Early–Late Medieval kingdoms

• Temple-centered economies and administration

• Regional languages and scripts expand

(aka: Mid-Second Millennium CE)

• Printing, navigation, and gunpowder transform states

• Global maritime connectivity

• Intensified exchange of peoples, crops, and diseases

Indian Plate (sutured):

• Mughal Empire

• Revenue systems, architecture, centralized bureaucracy

• Integration into global trade networks

(aka: Late-Second into Third Millennium CE)

• Industrialization and fossil-fuel energy

• Nation-states, mass literacy, science

• Globalized economy and communication

Indian Plate (sutured):

• Colonial rule

• Independence and modern nation-states

• Industrialization

• Digital era